|
The transparallel mind hypothesis proposes that synchronization in transient assemblies of neurons is a manifestation of transparallel processing, which means that many similar items (say, features or hypotheses) are processed in one go, that is, simultaneously as if only one item were concerned.〔van der Helm, P. A. (2015). Transparallel mind: Classical computing with quantum power. ''Artificial Intelligence Review, 44'', 341–363. (doi:10.1007/s10462-015-9429-7 ).〕 Those transient neural assemblies therefore are called ''gnosons'' (i.e., fundamental particles of cognition) and are proposed to be the constituents of self-organizing cognitive architecture between the relatively rigid level of neurons and the still elusive level of consciousness.〔van der Helm, P. A. (2012). (Cognitive architecture of perceptual organization: From neurons to gnosons. ) ''Cognitive Processing, 13,'' 13–40. (doi:10.1007/s10339-011-0425-9 ).〕 In computing, transparallel processing is the powerful form of processing that is promised by quantum computers for some computing tasks, and which is in fact already feasible on single-processor classical computers for at least one computing task.〔van der Helm, P. A. (2004). (Transparallel processing by hyperstrings. ) ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 101,'' 10862–10867. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0403402101 ).〕 In other words, the transparallel mind hypothesis reflects a form of quantum-like cognition that does not necessarily rely on actual quantum-mechanics. Thereby, it provides an alternative to the quantum mind hypothesis. The latter relates to an anecdote by cognitive psychologist Julian Hochberg about his meeting, in 1950, with theoretical physicist Richard Feynman. Feynman would become famous for his work on quantum electrodynamics, and Hochberg was developing the idea that, among all possible organizations of a visual stimulus, the simplest one is most likely to be the one perceived by humans.〔Hochberg, J. E., & McAlister, E. (1953). A quantitative approach to figural "goodness". ''Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46,'' 361—364.〕 They discussed parallels between their ideas and concluded that something like quantum processing, but then at the level of cognition, might underlie such a simplicity principle in human visual perceptual organization. == Primary domain == The transparallel mind hypothesis applies primarily to neuronal synchronization in the gamma band (30–70 Hz oscillations), which, both theoretically and empirically, has been associated with feature binding in visual perceptual organization.〔Milner, P. (1974). A model for visual shape recognition. ''Psychological Review, 81,'' 521–535. (doi:10.1037/h0037149 ).〕〔von der Malsburg, C. (1981). ''The correlation theory of brain function.'' Internal Report 81-2, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.〕〔Eckhorn, R., et al. (1988). Coherent oscillations: A mechanisms of feature linking in the visual cortex? ''Biological Cybernetics, 60,'' 121–130. (doi:10.1007/BF00202899 ).〕〔Gray, C. M., & Singer, W. (1989). Stimulus-specific neuronal oscillations in orientation columns of cat visual cortex. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 86'', 1698–1702. (doi:10.1073/pnas.86.5.1698 ).〕〔Gilbert, C. D. (1992). Horizontal integration and cortical dynamics. ''Neuron, 9'', 1–13. (doi:10.1016/0896-6273(92)90215-Y ).〕〔Gray, C. M. (1999). The temporal correlation hypothesis of visual feature integration: Still alive and well. ''Neuron, 24'', 31–47. (doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80820-X ).〕 Visual perceptual organization is the neuro-cognitive process that takes the light entering our eyes as input and enables us to perceive scenes as structured wholes consisting of objects arranged in space. To explain this process, the transparallel mind hypothesis postulates that it consists of three neurally intertwined subprocesses,〔〔Lamme, V. A. F., & Roelfsema, P. R. (2000). The distinct modes of vision offered by feedforward and recurrent processing. ''Trends in Neuroscience, 23'', 571–579. (doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(00)01657-X ).〕〔Lamme, V. A. F., Supèr, H., & Spekreijse, H. (1998). Feedforward, horizontal, and feedback processing in the visual cortex. ''Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 8'', 529–535. (doi:10.1016/S0959-4388(98)80042-1 ).〕 namely: * Feedforward extraction of, or tuning to, visual features in the input (i.e., features to which the visual system is sensitive). This subprocess is reminiscent of the neuroscientific idea that, going up in the visual hierarchy in the brain, neural cells mediate detection of increasingly complex features.〔Hubel, D. H., & Wiesel, T. N. (1968). Receptive fields and functional architecture of monkey striate cortex. ''Journal of Physiology (London), 195'', 215–243. (doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1968.sp008455 ).〕 * Horizontal binding and hierarchical recoding of similar features. This subprocess is reminiscent of the structural coding idea that visual regularities in the input are exploited to obtain eventually a simplest mental representation, that is, one defined by a minimum number of descriptive parameters.〔Leeuwenberg, E. L. J. & van der Helm, P. A. (2013). ''Structural information theory: The simplicity of visual form''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.〕〔van der Helm, P. A. (2014). ''Simplicity in vision: A multidisciplinary account of perceptual organization''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.〕 * Recurrent selection of different features to be integrated into percepts. This subprocess is reminiscent of the connectionist idea that, by parallel distributed processing, activation spreads in the brain's neural network until it settles in a stable pattern of activation representing the resulting percept.〔Churchland, P. S. (1986). ''Neurophilosophy''. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.〕 Hence, the transparallel mind hypothesis links up to existing ideas, but crucially, it adds (a) the idea that, at each level in the visual hierarchy, similar features are hierarchically recoded in a transparallel fashion, and (b) the idea that this transparallel recoding is mediated by synchronization in transient neural assemblies. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Transparallel mind」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|